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COVALENT BONDING - SINGLE BONDS. This page explains what covalent bonding is. It starts with a simple picture of the single covalent bond, and then modifies it slightly for A'level purposes. It also goes on to a more sophisticated view involving hybridisation. This isn't required by many UK-based syllabuses at this level.
Includes a simple view of ionic bonding and the way you need to modify this for A'level purposes. Covalent bonding . . . Includes a simple view of covalent bonding (single and double) and the modifications needed for A'level purposes. Co-ordinate (dative covalent) bonding . . . Explains what co-ordinate (dative covalent)
This sort of bond could be thought of as being a "pure" covalent bond - where the electrons are shared evenly between the two atoms. What happens if B is slightly more electronegative than A? B will attract the electron pair rather more than A does. That means that the B end of the bond has more than its fair share of
Chemguide – answers. COVALENT BONDING (double bonds). 1. a) b). It doesn't matter what colours or dots or crosses you use as long as the different electrons around the carbon are fairly obvious. c) d). 2. a) 1s2 2s2 2px. 1 2py. 1 b) c) Hybridisation rearranges the electrons into new orbitals ready for bonding. In this case
Chemguide – answers. COVALENT BONDING (single bonds). 1. The pair of electrons is attracted to the nucleus of both of the atoms which share it. 2. a). It doesn't matter where you draw the three hydrogens around the circle. b). Again, it doesn't matter where you place the two hydrogens. c) d). It obviously doesn't matter
Explains the formation of co-ordinate (dative covalent) bonds including a wide range of examples.
When the combining atoms have 4, 5, 6, or 7 electrons in the outermost or valence shell, they cannot donate electrons. Instead, they mutually share electrons in order to complete their octet in the outermost orbit or shell. Such a type of valency is referred to as covalency and the bond created between such atoms is called a
The examples I have discussed lower down this page aren't meant to be learnt at this stage. Bond energy. Bond energy is a measure of the strength of a particular covalent bond. In fact, it is sometimes referred to as "bond strength". You may find bond energies also referred to as bond enthalpies. There is a subtle difference
COVALENT BONDING - DOUBLE BONDS. This page explains how double covalent bonds arise. It starts with a simple picture of double covalent bonding, and then takes a more sophisticated view of the bonding in ethene.
What are intermolecular attractions? Intermolecular versus intramolecular bonds. Intermolecular attractions are attractions between one molecule and a neighbouring molecule. The forces of attraction which hold an individual molecule together (for example, the covalent bonds) are known as intramolecular attractions.

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March 2018