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Book descriptionOn a recent trip to east-central Europe, I became aware that my knowledge of the Habsburgs was only partial and episodic, restricted to awareness of a few names and a few dates without a continuing context in which to locate them and without an understanding of the sweep of their rule over centuries.As Wheatcroft begins his book, in June 1386 in Brugg, Leopold, the then head of the Habsburgs, gathered his retainers to fight and punish “uppity” peasants. “The march into the Aargua formed part of a larger pattern. A social order already under siege was waging yet another campaign in a war to the death, to preserve rank and subordination against the threat from below.”Wheatcroft’s thesis is that the Habsburgs, throughout their long domination of politics in Austria and beyond, deliberately created and cultivated a cult, a family history and mystique that included the continual accretion of claimed ancestors, however improbable. Conquest by arms was less their strategy than expansion by alliance, particularly by marriage ties with other noble houses in Europe, so that ultimately they were linked together in such a way that they became a kind of unity. There were times when the family seemed in the ascendency, and there were times when it was in relative eclipse, but the trajectory was gradually upward, and stability became an overarching goal. During the 16th century the history of the Habsburgs was characterized by extensive intermarriage between the Austrian and Spanish branches of the family (with gradual negative genetic effects). At the same time the Spanish branch, obsessed with purity of royal blood that merged with anti-Muslim and anti-Semitic revulsion to produce the Inquisition, gradually exported its attitudes and practices to the north of Europe as well as the New World. Their expanding empire was based less on the dominance of one individual within the family than on a network of relationships all focused on preservation of land, possessions, and familial integrity and power. This required a continual deliberate campaign of what would today be called public relations, a careful cultivation of image that guaranteed power and stability. Ultimately Spain was lost forever, and, in the 18th century the royal line seemed to be withering away until the fecundity of Maria Theresa seemed to ignite the reproductive faculties of the entire extended family. During these years, the bête noires of the Habsburg empire, itself apparently increasingly identified with Austro-Hungary, were first France and then Prussia.Wheatcroft traces the family fortunes down to the present day, the official position of the Habsburgs having ended effectively with the end of Franz Joseph’s rule in the early 20th century, although a couple of hangers-on ruled for a few years thereafter. A common overriding characteristic of Habsburg rule had been a conservative reactivity that preferred to substitute pomp and ceremony for substantive reform, although the latter did occur when strategically necessary.Such a history in bald form might suggest a quest for power for its own sake. But this is to neglect the family’s self-perception of service to the people, their sincere desire to rule constructively and well, albeit over a concatenation of peoples who were expected to be obedient and grateful. Even today those who remain of the official lineage view themselves as being ready to resume rule and official responsibilities at such a time as they are needed and wanted.Wheatcroft’s book clearly advances a particular thesis and perspective. It is readable if sometimes a bit dry, and one does come away with the desired understanding of the fortunes and role of the remarkable Habsburg family and dynasty. It is a good source for the reader seeking a relatively detailed understanding of an extended particular period in this part of the world. I am less persuaded that the otherwise general reader would find it particularly gripping.The Habsburgs: Embodying Empire by Andrew Wheatcroft mp3 francais read writer tom
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