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Permanently hard water cannot be softened by boiling. Permanent hardness is caused by very soluble magnesium sulfate (from salt deposits underground) and slightly soluble calcium sulfate (from gypsum deposits). In order to soften water you must remove the calcium ions (Ca2+) or magnesium ions (Mg2+) ions from it by
It can be easily removed by boiling. Permanent hardness is due to the presence of chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium ions. This type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling.
For example in some areas CaSO4 may cause considerable hardness. permanent hardness can not be removed by boiling. The term hardness total hardness is used to describe the combination of calcium and magnesium hardness. However, hardness values are usually quoted in terms of CaCO3 because this is the most.
other ions. CARBONATE HARDNESS= Sensitive to heat and precipitates readily at high temperatures. Therefore , can be removed by boiling the water. 7. 2. 3. 3. CO and HCO. -. -. Page 8. 8. HARDNESS. Non-carbonate (permanent) hardness because In lime-soda ash softening process Ca2+ is removed from water in.
Permanent hardness (or) Non-Carbonate hardness. This is caused by the presence of dissolved bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. Temporary hardness is mostly destroyed by mere boiling of water. During boiling, the bicarbonates are decomposed and form insoluble precipitates.
2 May 2007 Chemistry of Hardness Removal Process. 3. Objective. 5. Methods and Materials. 5. Results and discussion. 6. Conclusions. 8. References. 9. Appendix -1. 10. RAW DATA. 10. Appendix-2. 11. Sample Calculation to Determine the Lime Dosage. 11. Appendix-3. 13. Water Softening and alkalinity Protocol.
Permanent hardness of water can be a removed by the following ways: 1) By the use of soda 2) Other softening agents in the home They are: a) Soap b) Caustic soda c) Solution of Ammonia d) Borax 3) By the Base-Exchange Process . Caustic soda: ? It removes temporary hardness but
Water Hardness Reading. Water in different parts of the United States varies in the amount of dissolved mineral ions it contains. This determines whether it is hard or soft water. There are advantages and disadvantages to each, but the damage that can be caused to water pipes and appliances by hard water means that
5 Jan 2015 1. Water Softening for. Hardness Removal. 1. Hardness in Water. ? High concentration of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions in water cause hardness. ? Generally, water containing The sum of the carbonate (temporary) and noncarbonate (permanent) hardness. ?. CALCIUM CARBONATE

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March 2018