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$Waveguide dispersion formula: >> http://hul.cloudz.pw/download?file=waveguide+dispersion+formula << (Download) Waveguide dispersion formula: >> http://hul.cloudz.pw/read?file=waveguide+dispersion+formula << (Read Online) Waveguide equation. Continuity of E. 1 and E. 2 lead to: (. ) 1 cos. 2 exp. =?+?+?. ? s c f f i i hikn. Waveguide dispersion equation: m hkn s c f f ?+?+?=?2 cos. 2. Solution numeric or graphic kh increase > number of modes increase symmetric waveguide > at least one guided mode non-symmetric waveguide, small kh This formula generalizes the one in the previous section for homogeneous media, and includes both waveguide dispersion and material dispersion. Even in single-mode fibers, pulse broadening can occur as a result of polarization mode dispersion (since there are still two polarization modes). Here n is the refractive index of the medium, which, in general, depends on the wavelength. The dependence of the refractive index on wavelength leads to what is known as dispersion. We noted that the velocity of light in a medium is given by v = c/n(?). Now, the quantity v defined by above equation is usually referred to as Waveguide dispersion in fibers can be calculated with the RP Fiber Power software or with RP Fiber Calculator. For fibers with large mode areas, waveguide dispersion is normally negligible, and material dispersion is dominant. However, in all fiber optic systems we will have material dispersion (which is a characteristic of the material itself and not of the waveguide). We will discuss material dispersion in the following section. IX. MATERIAL DISPERSION. We first define the group index. To do this we return to Equation 7-1 where we noted that the. Introduction. In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency. Media having such a property are termed dispersive media. The most familiar example of dispersion is probably a rainbow, in which dispersion causes the spatial separation of a white light into components In general, waveguide dispersion and group velocity dispersion will differ. Even when the material dispersion is zero, there can be a finite "profile dispersion" contribution to chromatic dispersion if the index contrast of the waveguide varies with frequency. This can make it difficult to separate material dispersion from Material refractive index varies with wavelength and therefore causes the group velocity to vary; it is classified as material dispersion. The wavelength dependence of refractive index can be expressed by Sellmeier's equation. Waveguide dispersion is the result of wavelength-dependence of the propagation constant of the 3.2 Intermodal dispersion. This type of dispersion is caused by different path lengths of the modes in the fiber, different effective velocities, which results in broadening of the transmitted pulse along the fiber. Intermodal dispersion limits the fiber bandwidth. Intermodal dispersion is defined as: Where dtmod="tmax"-tmin,$