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We can divide carbohydrates into three major groups based on their basic structures; 1) simple sugars consisting of monosaccharides and disaccharides that function as metabolic intermediates in energy conversion pathways, 2) complex carbohydrates consisting of oligosaccharides (several monosaccharide units) or
Introduction. Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules belonging to class of organic compounds found in living organisms on earth. Each year, more than 100 billion metric tons of CO2 and H2O are converted into cellulose and other plant products due to photosynthesis. Living matter is largely made of

Monosaccharides have a carbonyl group and multiple hydroxyl groups. • If the carbonly group is at the end, the sugar is an aldose, if not, the sugars is a ketose. • Glucose, an aldose, and fructose, a ketose, are structural isomers. 1. Sugars, the smallest carbohydrates serve as a source of fuel and carbon sources. Copyright
Primer Number 102 – Structure and Function of Carbohydrates. Introduction. Carbohydrates are a widely diverse group of compounds that are ubiquitous in nature. More than 75% of the dry weight of the plant world is carbohydrate in nature - particularly cellulose and lignin. Chemically, carbohydrates are molecules that are
Summary of Carbohydrate Structures. See original handout pages for the following: 1. Open chain and cyclic forms of monosaccharides. 2. Disaccharide structures: maltose, sucrose, lactose. 3. Shorthand structures of amylose, amylopectin (glycogen), and cellulose. 4. Cyclization of aldoses and ketoses and rules for writing.
Terrestrial biomass constitutes a multifaceted conglomeration of low and high molecular mass products, exemplified by sugars, hydroxy and amino acids, lipids, and biopolymers such as cellulose, hemicelluloses, chitin, starch, lignin and proteins. By far the most abundant group of these organic products and materials,
Chemistry 108. Chapter 12 Lecture Notes. Carbohydrates. 6. The D and L Families of Sugars: Drawing Sugar Molecules. Fischer Projections represent three-dimensional structures of stereoisomers on a flat page. • A chiral carbon atom is represented in the Fisher projection as the
Carbohydrates and Biochemistry. • Carbohydrates are compounds of tremendous biological importance: – they provide energy through oxidation. – they supply carbon for the synthesis of cell components. – they serve as a form of stored chemical energy. – they form part of the structures of some cells and tissues.
the general formula C,,(H,O),,,, with n equal to or greater than three. Among the well-known carbohydrates are various sugars, starches, and cellulose, all of which are important for the maintenance of life in both plants and animals. Although the structures of many carbohydrates appear to be quite complex, the chemistry of

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February 2018