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The address is usually placed on the stack by a CALL instruction, and the return is made to the instruction that follows the CALL instruction. The optional source operand specifies the number of stack bytes to be released after the return address is popped; the default is none. This operand can be used to release parameters
The x86 instruction set refers to the set of instructions that x86-compatible microprocessors support. The instructions are usually part of an executable program, often stored as a computer file and executed on the processor. The x86 instruction set has been extended several times, introducing wider registers and datatypes
7 Nov 2011 In the mnemonic ret N, N is the size of parameters on the stack. In this case it is 4 * 4 = 16 (10h) for 4 DWORDs. But this only applies to calling conventions when the callee is responsible for stack cleanup. In case of cdecl convention the ret should be without any numbers, as the caller is responsible for stack cleanup.
Updates flags based on the subtraction and the index registers SI and DI are incremented or decremented depending on the state of the Direction Flag. CMPSB inc/decrements the index registers by 1, CMPSW inc/decrements by 2, while CMPSD increments or decrements by 4. The REP prefixes can be used to process
4 Jul 2011 Because 64-bits version of MS C/C++ compiler doesn't support inline assembly, all tricks should be done in a separate .asm file. X86_Start MACRO LOCAL xx, rt call $+5 xx equ $ mov dword ptr [rsp + 4], 23h add dword ptr [rsp], rt - xx retf rt: ENDM X86_End MACRO db 6Ah, 33h ; push 33h db 0E8h, 0, 0,
24 Aug 2010 each gadget ends with the x86 subroutine return instruction2 (RET), which further transfers the ex- checking method can be based on opcode-frequency statistics, which could decrease the potential per- .. ple, returning into a RETF instruction. To protect against such attacks, firstly the current CS
RET/RETF - Return From Procedure Usage: RET nBytes RETF nBytes RETN nBytes Modifies flags: None Transfers control from a procedure back to the instruction address saved on the stack. n bytes is an optional number of bytes to release. Far returns pop the IP followed by the CS, while near returns pop only the IP
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