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Birth of an Industry: Blackface Minstrelsy and the Rise of American Animation
by Nicholas Sammond
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Birth of an Industry: Blackface Minstrelsy and the Rise of American Animation Nicholas Sammond
Yet Sammond incisively highlights how Mickey functions as a vestigial minstrel because the iconic mouse must black up, with dynamite no less, to embody minstrel characters like Topsy and Uncle TomCherished cartoon characters, such as Mickey Mouse and Felix the Cat, were conceived and developed using blackface minstrelsy's visual and performative conventions: these characters are not like minstrels; they are minstrelsImages/Art Many images/art used in material copyrighted by Duke University Press are controlled, not by the Press, but by the owner of the imageThis apparatus creates two-dimensional images and three-dimensional environments for Koko to interact with, but eventually Koko rages against the machine and builds a toy solider resembling FleischerPerformance 33 2The Birth of an Industry analyzes cinema and race through the lenses of labor and aesthetics, and the elegant and scrupulous historiographic practice serves as an example to scholars working in any number of fieldsLindvall, Choice "Moving effortlessly among theories of comedy, critical race theory, performance studies, animation criticism, and both Marxist and Freudian analyses, Sammond has produced a comprehensive study of the rise of American animation." —Diego AYou are not currently authenticated
Occasionally, Duke University Press controls the rights to maps or other drawingsForthcoming films about Till include an HBO miniseries produced by Jay-Z and Will Smith; a movie simply entitled Till produced by Whoopi Goldberg; a drama based on Mamie Till-Mobleys Death of Innocence and produced by Chaz Ebert; and another film based on Till-Mobley and David Barr IIIs play The State of Mississippi and the Face of Emmett Till to be directed by James MollYou must obtain permission directly from the owner of the imageFor book covers to accompany reviews, please contact the publicity departmentDocumentaries about Till include Keith Beauchamps The Untold Story of Emmett Louis Till (2005); Stanley Nelsons The Murder of Emmett Till (PBS, 2003); and Ed Bradleys coverage on OctSubsidiary Rights/Foreign Translations If you're interested in a Duke University Press book for subsidiary rights/translations, please contact permissionsdukeupress.eduCarefully examining how early animation helped to naturalize virulent racial formations, Sammond explores how cartoons used laughter and sentimentality to make those stereotypes seem not only less cruel, but actually pleasurableBy vestigial, Sammond means that cartoon figures like Koko or Mickey Mouse carried all (or many) of the markers of minstrelsy while rarely referring directly to the tradition itself (218)
His most fascinating claim is that cartoon minstrels became vestigial, edged aside by more virulent racist caricatures of the swing era (139)Biting the Invisible Hand 1 1From: African American ReviewVolume 49, Number 2, Summer 2016 ppChristopher P695-697 10.1353/mod.2016.0064 He frames cartoon minstrels in these terms: [t]he figure of the minstrel epitomized [End Page 695] the rebellious commodity, and the performing animator (whether onstage or in the press) produced that commodity, then punished it for the very refusal that defined it (71)Nicholas SammondCloud State University InrecentyearsthehistoriographyofAmericananimationhassignificantly expanded.Almostfiftyyearsago,pioneeringscholarsJoeAdamsonandMichael Barrierinterviewedagingformeranimatorsoftheatricalshortcartoonsofthe1930s and40s.Theninthelate1970s,Barrier,scholarLeslieCabarga,andfilmcritic LeonardMaltinledthehistoriographysnextphasesurveysofthestudiosthat producedthosefilms.Bytheendofthetwentiethcentury,authorsfocusedon BookreviewsBookreviews 6/14/2016 3:11 PM Page 174 175 ReviewS specifictrendsinanimation,fromcensorshipinKarlCohensForbidden Animation andethnicityinChristopherP.LehmansThe Colored Cartoon tomodern-artstylization inAmidAmidisCartoon Modern.NicholasSammondsnewbook,Birth of an Industry: Blackface Minstrelsy and the Rise of American Animation, expandsontheblackface trendthatLehmandiscussedbygiving174-176 10.1353/afa.2016.0017
$94.95Awards Finalist, 2016 Richard Wall Memorial Award from the Theatre Library Association (TLA) Reviews "Nicholas Sammond’s study provides a detailed, thoughtful, exhaustively researched examination of the process by which the early animation studios cast about for technical and semiotic models to inform their new art form and drew upon the complex and conflicted vocabulary of blackface minstrelsy to do so." —Christopher JNote on the Companion Website ix Acknowledgments xi IntroductionThey play out the social, cultural, political, and racial anxieties and desires that link race to the laboring body, just as live minstrel show performers didIn lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content: Note African American Review 49.2 (Summer 2016): 174-176 2016 Johns Hopkins University Press and Saint Louis University 174 entitledTheLook StoryanditsAftermath,Andersonexploresanothercrime againstTillandthecivilrightsmovement.Havingbeenclearedofmurderand kidnappingcharges,MilamandBryantsoldtheirstoryfor$3,500tocontroversial journalistWilliamBradfordHuie,whopublisheditinLook onJanuary24,1956 underthesensationaltitleTheTruthabouttheEmmettTillKilling.Knownfor hischeckbookjournalism,HuiewantedtheNAACPtocontributetothekillers paymentfortheirinterviews.Eagertocapitalizeonthesensationalismofthestory, HuiealsorepeatedCarolynsversionofwhathappened,continuingtoportrayTill asafourteen-year-oldrapist.FurtherfuelingthecontroversiesattachedtoTills murder,SimeonWrightdisputedthebrothersaccountinLook inhismemoir Simeons Story: An Eyewitness Account of the Kidnapping of Emmett Till (2010).Trying tofurtherprofitfromTillstragedy,Huieplannedtoproduceafeaturefilm,which nevermaterialized.Overtheyears,though,importantdocumentariesaboutTills lifeandmurderhavebeenmade,andin2016atleastfourfilmsbasedonTillwillbe written,scored,directed,and/orproducedbyprominentAfricanAmericanartists.1 AndersonsconcludingchapterrightfullyturnstoTillslegacy.Obviously, hisdeathdidnotinitiatethecivilrightsmovement,butitgalvanizedapeoplelike feweventshave(358).AsWheelerParkerobserved,EmmettTillspokelouderin deaththanhewouldhaveifhehadlived(356).WhenJesseJacksonaskedRosa Parkswhyshedefiedsegregation,sheconfessed,IthoughtofEmmettTilland couldntgoback(221).Norcouldcountlessothercivilrightsprotestersand martyrswhooverthelastsixtyyearsandmorehavebeeninspiredbyTill.Justifiably, hehasbeenenshrinednexttoDr.KingintheCivilRightsMonumentinMontgomeryAlthough the visible links between cartoon characters and the minstrel stage faded long ago, Sammond shows how important those links are to thinking about animation then and now, and about how cartoons continue to help to illuminate the central place of race in American cultural and social lifeWith the animator now thrust into the action, he furiously draws on the walls and commands his creations to attack KokoThe "New" Blackface 267 Notes 307 Bibliography 351 Index 365 9233bc153f
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