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The Power of Feminist Theory
by Amy Allen
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Power is clearly a crucial concept for feminist theory. Insofar as feminists are interested in analyzing power, it is because they have an interest in understanding, critiquing, and ultimately c
The Power of Feminist Theory Amy Allen
With respect to gendered disciplinary practices such as dieting, restricting one’s movement so as to avoid taking up too much space, and keeping one’s body properly hairless, attired, ornamented and made up, Bartky observes “it is women themselves who practice this discipline on and against their own bodies….The woman who checks her make-up half a dozen times a day to see if her foundation has caked or her mascara run, who worries that the wind or rain may spoil her hairdo, who looks frequently to see if her stocking have bagged at the ankle, or who, feeling fat, monitors everything she eats, has become, just as surely as the inmate in the Panopticon, a self-policing subject, a self committed to relentless self-surveillanceInsofar as feminists are interested in analyzing power, it is because they have an interest in understanding, critiquing, and ultimately challenging the multiple array of unjust power relations affecting women in contemporary Western societies, including sexism, racism, heterosexism, and class oppression.InThe Power of Feminist Theory,Amy Allen diagnoses the inadequacies of previous feminist conceptions of power, and draws on the work of a diverse group of theorists of power, including Michel Foucault, Judith Butler, and Hannah Arendt, in order to construct a new feminist conception of powerIts symptoms subside and then resurface periodicallyOther feminists have criticized the Foucaultian claim that the subject is an effect of powerFor example, Iris Young argues that Beauvoir pays relatively little attention to the role that female embodiment plays in women’s oppression (Young 1990b,142–3)Arguing in favor of this way of conceptualizing power, Hanna Pitkin notes that power is related etymologically to the French word pouvoir and the Latin potere, both of which mean to be ableOther important antecedents to contemporary intersectionality theory include the Combahee River Collective’s notion of “interlocking systems of oppression" (CRC 1977), Deborah King’s analysis of multiple jeopardy and multiple consciousness (King 1988), and the work from the 1980s of black feminists such as Audre Lorde, Angela Davis (1984), and bell hooks (1981)If access is one of the most important faces of power, then feminist separatism, insofar as it is a way of denying access to women’s bodies, emotional support, domestic labor, and so forth, represents a profound challenge to male powerIn the following section, I discuss the specific ways in which feminists with different political and philosophical commitments — influenced by phenomenology, radical feminism, socialist feminism, intersectional feminism, post-structuralism, and analytic philosophy — have conceptualized dominationBecause these thinkers and activists did not use the term intersectionality, Gines characterizes their work as proto-intersectional, which she defines as follows: “identifying and combating racism and sexism -- through activist organizing and campaigning -- not only as separate categories impacting identity and oppression, but also as systems of oppression that work together and mutually reinforce one another, presenting unique problems for black women who experience both, simultaneously and differently than white women and/or black men" (Gines 2014, 14)Similarly, Starhawk claims that she is “on the side of the power that emerges from within, that is inherent in us as the power to grow is inherent in the seed" (Starhawk 1987, 8)In order to avoid such masculinist connotations, many feminists from a variety of theoretical backgrounds have argued for a reconceptualization of power as a capacity or ability, specifically, the capacity to empower or transform oneself and othersWhat is unique and useful about Foucault's account of subjection is that it can account for the interplay between constraint and enablement, domination and resistanceThe source of this is that patriarchal society defines woman as object, as a mere body, and that in sexist society women are in fact frequently regarded by others as objects and mere bodies" (Young 1990b, 155)BDahl’s definition sparked a vigorous debate that continued until the mid-1970s, but even Dahl’s best-known critics seemed to agree with his basic definition of power as an exercise of power-over (see Bachrach and Baratz 1962 and Lukes 1974)Only with the introduction of normative notions could he begin to tell us what is wrong with the modern power/knowledge regime and why we ought to oppose it" (1989, 29)In his genealogies of power, Foucault describes the productive operations of a form of power that "both constrains individuals by subjecting them to regulation, control, and normalization and, at the same time, enables or empowers individuals by positioning them as subjects who are endowed with the capacity to act" (51)For, as he says, its “basic scenario remains individualistic at the methodological level: power operates on individuals as individuals, in the form of a ‘bringing to action’ or external determination" (Saar 2010, 14)This article originally appeared as a "First Person" column in the Emory Report on March 4, 1996Both of these — controlling access and definition — are ways of taking powerMarx ignores the ways in which class exploitation and gender subordination are intertwined; because he focuses solely on economic production, Marx overlooks women’s reproductive labor in the home and the exploitation of this labor in capitalist modes of productionDefining powerOthers would prefer picking and choosing their causes within the women's movementEach obscures the operations [End Page 222] of other forms of domination (racism, classism, etc.) and the ways in which one and the same practice or institution can be empowering for some women and disempowering for others 9233bc153f Obituary - Amy Allen (2017) : A Memorial service for Amy Allen, 54, of Jefferson will be held Saturday, 2:00 p.m. August 26, 2017 at New Prospect Bapti.
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The Power of Feminist Theory Amy Allen
With respect to gendered disciplinary practices such as dieting, restricting one’s movement so as to avoid taking up too much space, and keeping one’s body properly hairless, attired, ornamented and made up, Bartky observes “it is women themselves who practice this discipline on and against their own bodies….The woman who checks her make-up half a dozen times a day to see if her foundation has caked or her mascara run, who worries that the wind or rain may spoil her hairdo, who looks frequently to see if her stocking have bagged at the ankle, or who, feeling fat, monitors everything she eats, has become, just as surely as the inmate in the Panopticon, a self-policing subject, a self committed to relentless self-surveillanceInsofar as feminists are interested in analyzing power, it is because they have an interest in understanding, critiquing, and ultimately challenging the multiple array of unjust power relations affecting women in contemporary Western societies, including sexism, racism, heterosexism, and class oppression.InThe Power of Feminist Theory,Amy Allen diagnoses the inadequacies of previous feminist conceptions of power, and draws on the work of a diverse group of theorists of power, including Michel Foucault, Judith Butler, and Hannah Arendt, in order to construct a new feminist conception of powerIts symptoms subside and then resurface periodicallyOther feminists have criticized the Foucaultian claim that the subject is an effect of powerFor example, Iris Young argues that Beauvoir pays relatively little attention to the role that female embodiment plays in women’s oppression (Young 1990b,142–3)Arguing in favor of this way of conceptualizing power, Hanna Pitkin notes that power is related etymologically to the French word pouvoir and the Latin potere, both of which mean to be ableOther important antecedents to contemporary intersectionality theory include the Combahee River Collective’s notion of “interlocking systems of oppression" (CRC 1977), Deborah King’s analysis of multiple jeopardy and multiple consciousness (King 1988), and the work from the 1980s of black feminists such as Audre Lorde, Angela Davis (1984), and bell hooks (1981)If access is one of the most important faces of power, then feminist separatism, insofar as it is a way of denying access to women’s bodies, emotional support, domestic labor, and so forth, represents a profound challenge to male powerIn the following section, I discuss the specific ways in which feminists with different political and philosophical commitments — influenced by phenomenology, radical feminism, socialist feminism, intersectional feminism, post-structuralism, and analytic philosophy — have conceptualized dominationBecause these thinkers and activists did not use the term intersectionality, Gines characterizes their work as proto-intersectional, which she defines as follows: “identifying and combating racism and sexism -- through activist organizing and campaigning -- not only as separate categories impacting identity and oppression, but also as systems of oppression that work together and mutually reinforce one another, presenting unique problems for black women who experience both, simultaneously and differently than white women and/or black men" (Gines 2014, 14)Similarly, Starhawk claims that she is “on the side of the power that emerges from within, that is inherent in us as the power to grow is inherent in the seed" (Starhawk 1987, 8)In order to avoid such masculinist connotations, many feminists from a variety of theoretical backgrounds have argued for a reconceptualization of power as a capacity or ability, specifically, the capacity to empower or transform oneself and othersWhat is unique and useful about Foucault's account of subjection is that it can account for the interplay between constraint and enablement, domination and resistanceThe source of this is that patriarchal society defines woman as object, as a mere body, and that in sexist society women are in fact frequently regarded by others as objects and mere bodies" (Young 1990b, 155)BDahl’s definition sparked a vigorous debate that continued until the mid-1970s, but even Dahl’s best-known critics seemed to agree with his basic definition of power as an exercise of power-over (see Bachrach and Baratz 1962 and Lukes 1974)Only with the introduction of normative notions could he begin to tell us what is wrong with the modern power/knowledge regime and why we ought to oppose it" (1989, 29)In his genealogies of power, Foucault describes the productive operations of a form of power that "both constrains individuals by subjecting them to regulation, control, and normalization and, at the same time, enables or empowers individuals by positioning them as subjects who are endowed with the capacity to act" (51)For, as he says, its “basic scenario remains individualistic at the methodological level: power operates on individuals as individuals, in the form of a ‘bringing to action’ or external determination" (Saar 2010, 14)This article originally appeared as a "First Person" column in the Emory Report on March 4, 1996Both of these — controlling access and definition — are ways of taking powerMarx ignores the ways in which class exploitation and gender subordination are intertwined; because he focuses solely on economic production, Marx overlooks women’s reproductive labor in the home and the exploitation of this labor in capitalist modes of productionDefining powerOthers would prefer picking and choosing their causes within the women's movementEach obscures the operations [End Page 222] of other forms of domination (racism, classism, etc.) and the ways in which one and the same practice or institution can be empowering for some women and disempowering for others 9233bc153f Obituary - Amy Allen (2017) : A Memorial service for Amy Allen, 54, of Jefferson will be held Saturday, 2:00 p.m. August 26, 2017 at New Prospect Bapti.
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