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What do processors do to extract ILP? • Not “how do they do that" at the same time. • A perfect machine with infinite machine parallelism can achieve the ILP of a program. •To achieve high performance, need both ILP and machine parallelism . In-Order Issue, In-Order Completion Example. EX. IF. ID. WB. I n s t r. O.
In contrast to: • loop-level parallelism (medium-grained). • process-level or task-level or thread-level parallelism (coarse- grained). Instruction-Level Parallelism (ILP). Can be exploited when instruction operands are independent of each other, for example,. • two instructions are independent if their operands are different.
SIMD instructions, Vector processors, GPUs. ? Multiprocessor. – Symmetric shared-memory multiprocessors. – Distributed-memory multiprocessors. – Chip-multiprocessors a.k.a. Multi-cores. ? Multicomputers a.k.a. clusters. ? Parallelism in Software. ? Instruction level parallelism. ? Task-level parallelism. ? Data parallelism.
23 Feb 2015
The simplest and most common way to increase the amount of parallelism available among instructions is to exploit parallelism among iterations of a loop. This type of parallelism is often called loop-level parallelism. Example 1. for (i=1; i<=1000; i= i+1) x[i] = x[i] + y[i];. This is a parallel loop. Every iteration of the loop can
Superscalar execution, VLIW, and the closely related explicitly parallel instruction computing concepts, in which multiple execution units are used to execute multiple instructions in parallel. An alternative is to extract this parallelism at compile time and somehow convey this information to the hardware.
200 items Motivating Example. The goal with pipelining is to speed things up. More specifically, we want to increase the throughput of the system, where throughput is . In the simple pipeline we have seen, ILP can be hard to come by; however, there are many tricks people have invented for squeezing more ILP out of the
Data Level Parallelsim Data level parallelism (DLP) is more of a special case than instruction level parallelism. DLP to the act of performing the same operation on multiple datum simultaneously. A classic example of DLP is performing an operation on an image in which processing each pixel is independent from the ones
13 Apr 2015 Hierarchy Bit level Parallelism • 16 bit add on 8 bit processor Instruction level Parallelism Loop level Parallelism • for (i=1; i<=1000; i= i+1) x[i] = x[i] + y[i]; Thread level Parallelism • multi-core computers; 4. EXAMPLE Consider the following program: 1. e = a + b 2. f = c + d 3. g = e * f Operation 3
Scheduling. • Central problem to ILP processing. – need to determine when parallelism (independent instructions) exists. – in Pentium example, decode stage checks for multiple conditions: •is there a data dependency? – does one instruction generate a value needed by the other? – do both instructions write to the same

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March 2018