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Book descriptionThe dominant myths and theories of the origin of writing for many centuries were ex nihilo in nature. Someone, divine or mortal, just came up with it and it spread from there. In the 18th century several scholars suggested writing originated in pictures. Drawings of things were abstracted and systematized into word and letterforms. Around the middle of the 20th century this theory started to break down with new discoveries. The author of this book has put forth a new theory based on decades of archeological research. Writing originated not with pictures, but with abstract clay tokens that were used in primitive accounting.The book is divided into three parts: the evidence, the interpretation and the artifacts. Although condensed from a larger two volume academic work and intended for general readers, itвЂ™s still an academic work. There are no personalities or narratives to propel you through the text. The first part is as dry as the dust these artifacts were pulled from. The second part is more interesting as the theory is developed. It goes something like this: Once communities in Mesopotamia settled down and started to farm about 10,000 years ago, they grew in size, stratified and began to accumulate resources. Accumulating and storing stuff encourages accounting, and the system they came up with was based on clay tokens. These were abstract, simple geometric shapes, standardized across the region so accountants could distinguish sheep tokens from oil tokens and know they represented one sheep or measure of oil. In archives tokens were grouped, placed in clay envelopes and officially sealed. An obvious challenge of clay envelopes is the contents arenвЂ™t visible unless you break them open. But clay is a malleable substance, and slowly the innovation took hold of impressing or incising the clay envelope in such a way to indicate the contents. Three cones in the envelope representing three measures of grain could be communicated by three cone-shaped impressions on the outside of the envelope. Eventually it was recognized the envelope itself could store the information without tokens. These impressed and incised forms, initially based on the shape of the abstract tokens they represented, were the first written words. They were all nouns and developed alongside a primitive system of concrete counting.ItвЂ™s convincing, thoughtful work, but the book ends too prematurely for my taste. Tokens are depicted in three dimensions alongside their two dimensional counterparts, but thatвЂ™s it. How many of these tokens made it all the way to cuneiform? Can we trace those paths? How many of those if any survive today in letterforms? Those are questions for another book.As for wider implications, suppose sheвЂ™s right. IsnвЂ™t it interesting that writing, this habit we use to record the breadth of human experience and history, developed not to capture the great truths of life, cosmic myths, poetry or any such thingвЂ¦ it was invented to count sheep, this thing we do bring on slumber out of sheer boredom. But then what are inventory records and bank statements but transitory things weвЂ™d rather not commit to memory? Great truths can be held with reverence in memory. We invented writing to keep track of our stuff.How Writing Came about by Denise Schmandt-Besserat ios get prewiew itunes download
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November 2017